The Taliban Defence Ministry says a commander from its 209th Army Corps met a Turkmen border commander to discuss security along the Afghanistan-Turkmenistan border and closer coordination between border forces.
The ministry said the commander of the 11th Brigade of the 209th Army Corps held the meeting at Turkmenistan’s request.
Afghanistan and Turkmenistan share a border of around 874 kilometres, stretching from Gulran district in Herat to Shortepa district in Balkh.
The meeting comes amid growing security concerns over Afghanistan’s northern borders.
Turkmenistan, which has taken a cautious approach towards the Taliban compared with some other Central Asian countries, has in recent years emphasised securing its shared border and maintaining relations with the Taliban administration.
The country also provides important electricity and gas supply routes to Afghanistan, while economic and transit projects between the two countries are being developed.
The Collective Security Treaty Organisation, which includes Russia and several Central Asian countries, also considers Afghanistan a major regional security challenge.
The organisation has repeatedly warned of the possible spread of armed-group activity, drug trafficking and other cross-border threats from Afghanistan into Central Asian countries.
In recent years, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan have taken additional measures to strengthen security along their borders with Afghanistan.
Concerns in these countries have increased following greater activity by armed groups in northern Afghanistan and worsening insecurity in some border areas.
On the 25th anniversary of the September 11 attacks, Atlantic Council experts have warned that Afghanistan remains a safe haven for terrorist groups, even as the nature of global terrorism has changed.
The experts say that although al-Qaeda and ISIS are no longer as centralised or powerful as they once were, networks affiliated with the groups have adapted to new conditions.
The US think tank published a report on Thursday, 10 September, titled “The State of Terrorism, 25 Years After 9/11”, presenting the views of 25 of its experts on how terrorist threats have evolved over the past quarter-century and what may come next.
The report notes that the September 11, 2001, attacks killed nearly 3,000 people and fundamentally reshaped the United States’ national security system. The attacks triggered the US-led “war on terror” and major changes to American intelligence and homeland security structures, but terrorism itself did not disappear.
‘War on terror’: Tactical success, strategic failure
Atlantic Council experts do not share a single view on whether the US war on terror was successful, but they argue that it cannot simply be described as either a success or a failure.
Omer Rafiq, a non-resident senior fellow at the Atlantic Council, wrote that the United States achieved many tactical successes over the past 25 years, but successive US administrations never clearly defined when or under what conditions victory in the war on terror would be achieved.
He said more than 900,000 people were killed in direct violence linked to wars following the September 11 attacks, including more than 7,000 US service members.
According to Rafiq, the main problem was not the implementation of military operations, but policymaking and the lack of a clearly defined end goal for the wars.
The report also describes the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan as having significant consequences for US foreign policy, saying that the end of the Afghanistan war and the withdrawal of US forces, together with the legacy of the Iraq war, have made the American public more sceptical about foreign interventions.
The changing nature of terrorism
According to Atlantic Council experts, terrorism today is fundamentally different from what it was in 2001.
Before the September 11 attacks, terrorist groups included separatist, nationalist, revolutionary and religious organisations. Al-Qaeda, however, introduced a different model: a transnational non-state actor that exploited areas with weak governance and was capable of organising complex attacks against targets far from its main bases.
Experts say that model has also changed.
Today’s terrorist networks are more decentralised, localised and digital, while groups such as al-Qaeda and ISIS no longer exercise the same centralised control over all their supporters and affiliates.
Under these conditions, terrorist groups are increasingly involved in local conflicts, while terrorism has become intertwined with armed insurgencies, territorial control, illicit economies and local disputes.
The internet and social media have also made it easier for individuals to become radicalised and mobilised without direct orders from a central organisation.
Al-Qaeda and ISIS weaker but still active
The Atlantic Council says al-Qaeda and ISIS are no longer the large, organised and highly centralised organisations they once were, but both have adapted by creating and strengthening networks of affiliates and associated groups.
The report says an al-Qaeda-linked branch in Mali controls a significant amount of territory, while ISIS manages aspects of its global operations through networks based in Somalia.
According to the experts, the two groups still retain the ability to recruit members, distribute propaganda, inspire attacks and establish local networks.
Digital tools have also enabled them to spread extremist messages more quickly to people in different parts of the world.
Afghanistan remains a favourable environment for terrorist groups
One of the report’s key sections focuses on terrorism in Afghanistan and South Asia.
Michael Kugelman, a senior fellow for South Asia at the Atlantic Council, wrote that the terrorism landscape in South Asia appears better than it did in the years leading up to September 11. Al-Qaeda is weaker, and many of the more than a dozen terrorist groups active in Afghanistan and Pakistan have limited operational capabilities.
However, he warned that the terrorist threat in the region should not be underestimated.
According to Kugelman, the Taliban administration, which has controlled Afghanistan again for the past five years, has ties or alliances with many terrorist groups operating in the region, ranging from Central Asian jihadist organisations to Pakistani militant groups.
He concluded that continued Taliban rule has created an environment favourable to armed groups.
IS-K remains a serious threat
The report describes Islamic State – Khorasan Province as one of the few genuinely powerful terrorist groups operating in the region.
According to the report, Taliban operations against IS-K in recent years have reduced the number of attacks carried out by the group but IS-K has managed to withstand security pressure and expand its capacity to conduct operations beyond the region.
The Atlantic Council says IS-K continues to retain the ability to recruit, spread propaganda and plan cross-border attacks, even while facing intense pressure from the Taliban.
Central Asia and Afghanistan’s role
In another section of the report, Atlantic Council experts warn that extremist groups, including IS-K, are likely to continue exploiting weak governance and social problems in Afghanistan and Central Asian countries in the near future.
According to the experts, one of the region’s biggest security challenges is the Taliban’s inability to prevent terrorist groups from operating inside Afghanistan.
The report also points to the activities of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement and IS-K, saying the latter continues to recruit in Central Asian countries as well as Afghanistan.
It says some recruits from Tajikistan have been involved in IS-K-linked plots and attacks in Europe, the Philippines and the United States.
Experts predict that Afghanistan will remain a favourable environment for terrorist groups soon.
Terrorist threat shifts from large organisations to dispersed networks
The Atlantic Council stresses that one of the most significant changes over the past 25 years has been the shift from centralised terrorist organisations to dispersed networks.
According to the report, counterterrorism efforts in the past focused largely on identifying, tracking and eliminating the leadership of groups such as al-Qaeda.
Today, however, terrorist networks, local groups, self-radicalised individuals, illicit economies and state actors combine to create a more complex threat.
Artificial intelligence: A new tool for terrorist groups
One of the experts’ emerging concerns is the use of artificial intelligence by terrorist groups.
The report says terrorist organisations can use AI to produce propaganda, translate material, recruit members and target vulnerable audiences.
Experts also warn that advanced AI models could make some forms of technical knowledge more accessible to people without specialist expertise.
According to them, this could reduce technical barriers for terrorist groups in the future.
The report adds that ISIS-linked groups have already used AI to produce and distribute propaganda, and that advances in generative and automated models could allow them to create targeted content on a much larger scale.
Drones and cyberattacks
Drones are also identified in the Atlantic Council report as a potential future threat.
Experts say small, inexpensive and widely available drones could become effective tools for terrorist groups and could be used against crowded places, infrastructure and symbolic targets.
The report also warns about the potential combination of physical and cyberattacks.
According to the experts, a future cyberattack may not resemble a “cyber 9/11” but could instead support a physical attack by stealing information, disrupting security or communications systems, or interfering with emergency responses.
Critical infrastructure as a potential target
Atlantic Council experts say water, energy, transport, communications, healthcare and other critical infrastructure are becoming more vulnerable because of their growing dependence on digital systems.
They say weak digital security systems and outdated technology could increase the possibility of remote attacks.
Such attacks could involve malware, ransomware, disruption of navigation systems or AI-based tools.
Changes in terrorist financing
The report also examines the role of cryptocurrencies in terrorist financing.
Experts stress that cryptocurrencies are still not the main source of funding for terrorist organisations, with cash, state support and informal financial networks remaining more important.
However, new technologies have made it easier to transfer money outside traditional monitoring systems.
The report says groups such as IS-K have also used some privacy-focused cryptocurrencies to solicit donations.
The changing threat to the United States
The Atlantic Council says the terrorist threat to US territory has also changed since 2001.
According to the experts, the appeal of Salafi-jihadist ideology has declined compared with two decades ago, while al-Qaeda and ISIS have less capacity to carry out large-scale attacks inside the United States.
However, the threat from extremist groups, self-radicalised individuals and lone attackers remains.
Some Atlantic Council experts, meanwhile, say the threat to the United States from state-backed groups, particularly those supported by Iran, is increasing.
Declining counterterrorism resources
Atlantic Council experts also warn that as US competition with China and Russia intensifies, some funding and personnel previously dedicated to counterterrorism have been reduced.
They say the US intelligence and operational presence have declined in some regions, including South Asia and Africa, where ISIS activity is increasing.
The experts warn that a reduced US presence on the ground could weaken Washington’s ability to detect changes in terrorist networks at an early stage.
International cooperation remains essential
In its conclusion, the Atlantic Council stresses that counterterrorism over the past 25 years has depended heavily on cooperation between countries, intelligence sharing and coordination in security, diplomacy and finance.
The report says international cooperation must also evolve as terrorism changes, particularly to address self-radicalised individuals, domestic extremist groups, social media and new methods of terrorist financing.
Experts predict that attacks by inspired individuals, lone attackers and domestic extremist groups could increase in the future, requiring greater international cooperation on technology, intelligence and the regulation of digital platforms.
Overall, the Atlantic Council report concludes that terrorism has not disappeared 25 years after September 11, but has changed form, shifting from large, centralised organisations such as al-Qaeda towards dispersed, local and digital networks.
Afghanistan, along with parts of Africa and the Middle East, remains a source of concern, while technologies such as artificial intelligence, drones, cryptocurrencies and cyberattacks could reshape the terrorist threat in the years ahead.
Mohammed bin Abdulkarim Al-Issa, secretary-general of the Muslim World League, says there is no justification for violence against women or for violating their dignity.
Al-Issa made the remarks on September 8 at the international conference “The Role of Religious Leaders in Combating Violence Against Women” in Jeddah. He said religious leaders should respond with evidence and detail to accusations made about Islam’s treatment of women.
The Muslim World League secretary-general called for cooperation among Islamic jurists to prepare a comprehensive scholarly work on women’s issues and translate it into several languages. He said: “There is neither legitimacy nor immunity for violence that violates a woman’s physical or moral dignity.”
Al-Issa added that justifying violence in the name of Sharia or attributing it to Islam amounts to a false claim against God.
His comments come as women in many Muslim-majority countries continue to face social and economic restrictions. However, conditions differ from country to country, and some governments have introduced reforms in recent years aimed at increasing women’s participation in education and the labour market.
Afghanistan stands apart. It is now the only country in the world where secondary and university education for girls and women is formally banned, while women have also been pushed out of much of the workforce.
From Egypt to Pakistan: Women’s Limited Share of the Labour Market
Women’s participation in the labour market is one of the most important indicators of their economic position. In 2025, only about 19% to 20% of working-age women in the Middle East and North Africa were in the labour force, compared with more than 70% of men.
In South Asia, only around one-third of women participate in the labour market.
According to The Economist, women’s share of the workforce remains low in many Muslim-majority countries. Figures for 2025 showed women made up about 20% of the workforce in Egypt, 22% in Pakistan, 19% in Jordan, 16% in Iran and 13% in Iraq. In Afghanistan, the figure was only about 6.8%.
Low female participation is not caused by laws alone. Childcare responsibilities, a lack of safe transport, family pressure and traditional beliefs about women’s roles also prevent many women from entering the workforce.
Such attitudes continue to shape women’s lives in parts of the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia. In some societies, violence against women is also considered acceptable by sections of the population. In India, around 40% of women have said a husband is justified in beating his wife in certain circumstances. The figure is more than 40% in India and reaches about 70% in Mali.
The consequences are not only social. Excluding women from the workforce also carries a significant economic cost. The World Bank has estimated that removing barriers to women’s employment could increase income per person by about 20% in many countries.
Saudi Arabia: An Example of Rising Female Participation
A different trend is emerging in some Muslim-majority countries. Saudi Arabia is one of the most prominent examples. Women’s economic participation has risen rapidly in recent years, reaching about 34% in 2025.
The Economist said the issue ultimately goes beyond women’s clothing or freedom of movement. A more important measure is whether women are able to study, work, earn an income and make decisions about their own lives.
Afghanistan, by contrast, has moved in the opposite direction from much of the Muslim world. Since returning to power in August 2021, the Taliban has imposed sweeping restrictions on women and girls. Girls are barred from formal education beyond sixth grade, while women are prohibited from attending universities.
According to UNICEF, more than 2.6 million Afghan girls have been deprived of secondary education since the Taliban returned to power. The United Nations has also estimated that about 3.8 million girls aged 7 to 18 are out of school.
The restrictions go beyond education. Women have also been excluded from large parts of the labour market, public life and social activities.
UN Women estimates that nearly 80% of young Afghan women are neither in education nor employment nor participating in skills-training programmes. The figure among young men is about 20%.
The restrictions also carry an economic cost. The United Nations has estimated that restrictions imposed on women between 2024 and 2026 cost Afghanistan’s economy about $920 million.
The bans have now extended to the health sector. Since December 2024, women have been barred from medical, nursing and midwifery education. UNICEF has warned that if the situation continues, Afghanistan could face a shortage of about 20,000 female teachers and more than 5,000 female health workers by 2030.
When a Taliban Official Calls Women ‘Deficient in Intellect’
Against this backdrop, remarks by some Taliban officials about women have repeatedly drawn criticism.
Abdullah Sarhadi, the Taliban governor of Jowzjan, recently described a woman seeking separation from her abusive husband as “foolish” and “deficient in intellect”. He had previously said that sending women to school would make them “miserable” and “immodest”.
Taliban spokesperson Zabihullah Mujahid has also said that women’s presence in government offices could lead to “corruption” and that the issue of women’s education still requires a “Sharia-based solution”.
REACH, a Geneva-based international humanitarian initiative specialising in humanitarian data collection and analysis, says 3.1 million people were displaced in Afghanistan last year due to economic pressures, food insecurity and natural disasters.
Poverty and a lack of financial resources, particularly among poor households and women, have also prevented people from leaving vulnerable areas.
According to the report, hundreds of thousands of people in Afghanistan were displaced in 2025 because of economic pressures, unemployment and natural disasters such as droughts, floods and earthquakes.
The report, published on Thursday, 10 July, said poverty and unemployment accounted for 85% of emergency and involuntary displacement among Afghan households, followed by lack of access to food and drought.
Severe flooding in eastern Afghanistan last year also caused deaths and financial losses.
REACH said continued livelihood crises and damage to infrastructure in areas of origin meant that 95% of displaced households had no short-term plans to return home.
Its findings showed that many families could not even afford the cost of moving to safer areas.
Taliban restrictions, including requirements for women to be accompanied by a mahram and limited access to mobile phones, have made emergency evacuations of women during natural disasters more difficult.
Nimroz province in south-western Afghanistan has the country’s highest displacement rate, at 15 per cent, with severe drought and the destruction of agricultural land cited as major causes.
According to the report, Kabul, Herat, Mazar-e Sharif and Jalalabad are among the main destinations for displaced people seeking to resettle.
REACH is an international humanitarian initiative that collects and analyses humanitarian data, conducts research and provides information on crises, conflict, natural disasters and displacement.
It shares its findings with humanitarian organisations and decision-makers to help them design and implement more effective and targeted responses.
According to the 2026 annual report on internal displacement, published earlier this year, around seven million people in Afghanistan were internally displaced last year as a result of prolonged conflict and natural disasters.
Anar Academy, a Germany-based NGO supporting Afghan girls’ education, has published a study showing that despite Taliban restrictions, some girls have turned to online learning and self-study.
The research, titled “Denied the Right to Learn”, was released to coincide with International Literacy Day on 8 September.
Anar Academy said the study was based on responses from more than 2,600 Afghan girls and young women. The responses were collected in the second half of March 2026, with most participants living inside Afghanistan.
About 96% of respondents were from 30 provinces of Afghanistan, while a number of participants living abroad also took part in the study.
The findings show that after the Taliban returned to power in August 2021, many girls did not give up on education and instead sought alternative ways to continue learning.
About 42% of respondents said they had continued their education through private courses, language classes or skills training. Around 34% reported using online and digital learning, while nearly 27% said they had relied on self-study or studying at home.
By contrast, more than 17% said their education had either stopped for a period or faced serious disruption.
The study indicates that some Afghan girls have continued learning through alternative methods, but their education is often informal, inconsistent and disconnected from recognised academic pathways.
The report said online and private courses can help girls continue learning, but in many cases they do not lead to recognised qualifications, university admission or a consistent path towards further education.
Access to digital devices was also high among respondents. More than 95% said they had access to a smartphone or laptop. About 51% described the quality of their internet connection as good and nearly 40% as excellent. Anar Academy stressed, however, that these figures do not represent the situation of all girls in Afghanistan.
The study also found that interest in education remains high among girls. Many respondents said they wanted to complete school, attend university, find employment and achieve financial independence in the future.
Another section of the report examined the social and psychological effects of being deprived of education, saying prolonged absence from schools and universities can disrupt daily routines, reduce contact with classmates and increase concerns about the future. Anar Academy stressed, however, that the study was not designed to diagnose depression or anxiety and that its findings cannot be used to determine the prevalence of mental health conditions.
Benazir Poya, head of Anar Academy, said at the launch of the study that alternative forms of education should not replace formal schooling. She said informal education can preserve hope, but cannot restore girls’ right to education.
The research was presented on Tuesday, coinciding with International Literacy Day, during an online event hosted by the International Society for Human Rights in cooperation with Anar Academy. Education and human rights experts also discussed restrictions on Afghan girls’ education and their consequences.
Anar Academy was founded about two years ago in Cologne, Germany, with the aim of providing digital education to girls deprived of schooling in Afghanistan. According to the organisation, more than 2,000 students have so far participated in its educational programmes, while about 46 have successfully completed their courses and graduated.
After Pakistani medical authorities told Afghan students to leave the country, Pakistan’s Foreign Ministry said students without valid visas must depart, while visa extension requests are still being reviewed.
The Pakistan Medical and Dental Council on Tuesday issued a letter instructing Afghan medical and dental students in Pakistan to leave the country and return to Afghanistan.
A spokesman for Pakistan’s Foreign Ministry said foreign students staying in the country without valid visas must leave Pakistan. However, he stressed that visa extension applications from Afghan students, including those studying medicine, were still being reviewed under existing policies and regulations.
The directive asks medical higher education institutions to complete administrative procedures for Afghan students, including issuing the necessary certificates and facilitating their return.
In practice, the decision also affects students who began their studies in Pakistan and are still completing medical or dental degrees.
A spokesman for the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council told Afghanistan International that the matter was sensitive and linked to national interests.
The council said all decisions in this regard would be made in accordance with applicable policies.
However, the spokesman did not specify which policy requires Afghan students already enrolled in medical and dental programmes to leave Pakistan.
He also did not explain the situation of students whose visa extension applications are still being processed.
Following the directive, some universities and medical institutions in Punjab have begun implementing the order.
The University of Health Sciences Lahore has issued an urgent letter instructing affiliated medical and dental institutions in Punjab to implement the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council’s directives.
King Edward Medical University has asked 22 Afghan students to complete administrative procedures for their departure.
Five of the students are women, and they range from first-year to final-year students. Seven are in their final year of medical studies.
Fatima Jinnah Medical University has also asked 21 Afghan female students to complete procedures related to their departure.
Some Afghan students say being forced to return could wipe out years of study and the money their families have spent on their education.
Female students have also said that, given the restrictions imposed on girls’ and women’s education in Afghanistan, returning would mean losing the opportunity to continue their university studies.
The students have urged Pakistani authorities to allow those already admitted to universities in Pakistan to complete their studies before returning home.
The Taliban embassy in Islamabad described the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council’s decision as the forced expulsion of students and called on Pakistani education authorities and international medical, educational and humanitarian organisations to defend their right to continue their studies.
According to a spokesman for the Taliban embassy, around 1,000 Afghan students are studying at educational institutions across Punjab, including about 400 medical students.
The Pakistan Medical and Dental Council has not yet announced the exact number of Afghan medical and dental students across Pakistan.
The decision to expel Afghan students has also drawn criticism from some Pakistani political and civil figures.
Mansoor Ahmad Khan, Pakistan’s former ambassador to Afghanistan, said it would be better on humanitarian grounds to allow the students to complete their studies and return to Afghanistan after graduation.
Asif Durrani, Pakistan’s former special representative for Afghanistan, also described the decision to expel Afghan medical students as shocking.