Iran, Pakistan's Special Envoys For Afghanistan Meet In Islamabad

He told a meeting of the country's Security Council on Monday that the policy goes back to the Joe Biden administration.

Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov on Monday, January 20, stressed that the United States is using Afghanistan's neighbouring countries to achieve this goal. He said that his remarks were a reference to the policies of former US President Joe Biden's administration.

"We will also not forget Afghanistan," he said at a meeting of the Russian Security Council. “The Americans are also trying to re-establish their presence to some extent, and they are using neighbouring countries for this purpose. They are thinking of restoring their military facilities there,” he added.

In early 2021, Joe Biden announced the end of the long-running US foreign military operation in Afghanistan, and only a few months later, the Taliban entered Kabul without any resistance, taking control of the city within hours.

Some Republican politicians and US veterans have repeatedly criticised the Biden administration for its handling of the withdrawal from Afghanistan.

The group also includes unaccompanied children waiting to be reunited with their families in the United States, as well as Afghans who are at risk of Taliban reprisals for cooperating with the former US-backed government.

The White House and State Department, which oversees US refugee programmes, have not yet responded to requests for comment, Reuters reported.

Shawn VanDiver, a veteran of the Afghan war and a member of an organisation supporting the evacuation of Afghans, told the news agency, "Afghans and advocates are panicking,” said VanDiver. “I’ve had to recharge my phone four times already today because so many are calling me.

“We warned them that this was going to happen, but they did it anyway. We hope they will reconsider,” he said of contacts with Trump’s transition team.

Although Reuters quoted VanDiver as saying that the flight was cancelled, he wrote on his account on social media platform X that the flights had not yet been cancelled.

Reuters wrote that with this decision, the United States has put thousands more Afghans who have received approval to resettle in the United States as refugees, but have not yet been offered flights from Afghanistan or neighbouring countries such as Pakistan.

During his 2024 campaign, Trump repeatedly took a tough stance against immigrants and made it one of his main promises.

Nearly 200,000 Afghans have been transferred to the United States by the administration of former US President Joe Biden after the Taliban takeover.

According to Reuters, Afghans who had been confirmed to be settled in the United States have been removed from the passenger list of flights scheduled to operate until April.

These include nearly 200 family members of Afghan-American military personnel who were born in the United States or Afghans who came to the United States, joined the military, and became US citizens.

Xing added that the relations between the two countries have now entered a new phase.

On Monday, Taliban-controlled national television broadcast the remarks of the Chinese ambassador, who gave a speech on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Afghanistan and China.

In his speech, the Chinese ambassador said, "At present, China-Afghanistan friendly relations have entered a new phase. China has always been a friendly neighbour of Afghanistan and has supported Afghanistan's development, peace and stability."

"China is committed to friendly relations with Afghanistan and respects Afghanistan's independence and territorial integrity," he added.

The Chinese ambassador added that his country respects the independent choice of the Afghan people, the country's national ceremonies and religious beliefs, and does not interfere in Afghanistan's internal affairs and does not pursue personal interests.

He also said that China has supported Afghanistan at the United Nations and in addition to calling for increased humanitarian aid, it has also taken a position on the lifting of sanctions and the release of Afghanistan's frozen funds.

China interacts with the Taliban, and both sides have accepted each other's ambassadors, however, China has not yet recognised the Taliban.

At the same ceremony, Abbas Stanekzai, the Taliban's deputy foreign minister, said that "China has firmly supported the struggles and jihad of Afghans against the occupation of the former Soviet Union and the United States".

"China is the only neighbour that has not had any border dispute with Afghanistan so far," he added. Stanekzai stressed that Afghan soil will not be used against any neighbour, including China.

The ministry said that Khan Mohammad was released from prison as a result of "long and productive negotiations" with the United States.

Although the Taliban did not disclose the identities of the American prisoners, CNN reported that Ryan Corbett and William McKenty, two American citizens, were released from the group's custody in exchange for the release of Taliban prisoner.

The Taliban said that the group's prisoner had been sentenced to life in prison in the United States and was serving his sentence in a prison in California.

Khan Mohammad was arrested in Nangarhar about two decades ago, the group said.

Meanwhile, CNN reported that Ryan Corbett and William McKenty were released from Taliban custody on Tuesday morning, January 21, and left for the United States.

In exchange for the release of the two American citizens, Washington handed over Khan Mohammad, who was arrested in 2008 on drug-related terrorism charges, to the Taliban, the report said.

CNN said that the prisoner exchange between the United States and the Taliban, which had been taking place for years, took place in the last hours of Joe Biden's administration.

CNN sources said that the Taliban prisoner was transferred to Qatar by US officials.

According to the report, Qatar has hosted several rounds of talks between the Taliban and the United States on the prisoner exchange. Doha has also facilitated the transfer of American prisoners from Kabul.

The Taliban's Foreign Ministry also said in a statement on Tuesday that the prisoner exchange with Washington was a "good example of resolving issues through dialogue" and appreciated Qatar's "effective role" in the process.

The Taliban said that it views the US actions positively, and that they "contribute to the normalisation and expansion of relations between the two countries".

Sources reported that the Taliban has decided to dismiss Salafi clerics from their positions as mosque imams.

Restrictions On Salafis

One of the restrictions imposed by the Taliban is that no Salafi religious leader is allowed to lead prayers in mosques or other places. Sources have informed Afghanistan International that the Taliban has advised Salafis against performing “Raf’ al-Yadain” (raising hands during prayer when saying Takbeer) and not to say “Ameen” loudly after Surah Al-Fatiha during prayers.

Raf’ al-Yadain refers to the practice of raising hands during prayer when saying Takbeer. While this practice is common among followers of certain Islamic sects, there is disagreement among juristic schools about whether it is obligatory or merely recommended. The Taliban, who predominantly follow the Hanafi school of thought, oppose Raf’ al-Yadain and the loud recitation of Ameen during prayer.

In addition, sources report that several Salafi missionary centers and groups have also faced restrictions, with instructions to refrain from spreading Salafism among the population.

Salafis are more prominent in the eastern provinces of Afghanistan, particularly in Kunar, which is one of the main centres of Salafi presence in the region.

In Afghanistan, Salafis are referred to by various names. Some call them “Ahl al-Hadith,” while others refer to them as “Wahhabis”.

Leader of Salafis in Afghanistan

During Daoud Khan’s rule, Salafis began their efforts to promote Salafi Islam in Kunar province and even established special madrassas to teach the sect. At the time, the influence of the Panchpiria sect was stronger, and some Salafi scholars had graduated from Panchpiria madrassas.

One of these scholars was Sheikh Jamil al-Rahman, known at the time as Mawlawi Muhammad Hussain. Born in the Dara-i-Pech district of Kunar, he studied at the Panchpiria madrassa. He worked to spread the influence of Salafi Islam throughout Kunar.

Shah Mahmood Miakhel, former governor of Nangarhar, noted that initially, there were intense conflicts between the followers of Salafi and Hanafi Islam in Kunar. However, due to Rahman’s ethnic influence, the number of Salafis grew.

Miakhel added that after Kunar, Salafism expanded into Nuristan, where a man named Mullah Rabbani connected with Rahman and began efforts to promote Salafi Islam.

Rahman joined the Jihad against Soviet forces alongside the Mujahideen and joined Hezb-e-Islami, led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, taking up arms. Sources revealed that in the 1980s, he received financial support from Arab countries, particularly Saudi Arabia, to promote Salafi Islam. In 1986, he established a political group called “Jamaat al-Dawah ila al-Quran wal-Sunnah”. With this support, religious schools and mosques were built for Salafis, particularly in Kunar, playing a pivotal role in spreading the sect throughout eastern Afghanistan.

During the civil wars, Rahman migrated to Bajaur, Pakistan, where he continued his activities until his death. In 1991, he was killed by an Egyptian journalist named Abdullah Rumi in Bajaur, Pakistan.

Following Rahman’s death, the Salafis appointed his nephew, Rohullah Wakil, as his successor.

Rohullah Wakil: From Saving Arabs to Guantanamo Prison

Rohullah Wakil did not have an extensive religious education, but Salafis chose him as the successor to Jamil-ur-Rahman. In 2001, Wakil fought alongside US forces against the Taliban and al-Qaeda.

According to WikiLeaks, in 2003, Wakil was arrested by US forces in Nangarhar for allegedly aiding in the smuggling of Arabs and al-Qaeda militants. Sources told Afghanistan International that Wakil, a Salafi leader in the eastern provinces of Afghanistan, particularly Kunar, built numerous schools and mosques for his followers, spreading Salafi Islam to more areas.

These activities were reportedly supported by financial contributions from some Arab countries. Wakil was released from Guantanamo prison in 2008, but in the final years of the previous Afghan government, he was arrested again based on intelligence reports from the National Directorate of Security.

Sources informed Afghanistan International that he was detained on charges of links to terrorists but was released after pressure from some members of the parliament.

The Guardian newspaper reported that Wakil was allegedly involved in drug trafficking and had strong connections not only with Britain, but also with Pakistan. However, Wakil has repeatedly denied these accusations in media interviews. After the Taliban regained power, he left Afghanistan and relocated to Pakistan with his family.

A video obtained by Afghanistan International shows Wakil delivering a speech in November 2024 at a Salafi religious gathering in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, where he described the situation of Salafi followers in Afghanistan as “worrying”. In his address, he mentioned the mysterious killings of Salafi religious scholars and followers under the Taliban’s rule, calling for the ruling group to ensure their security. Wakil also urged Salafis to engage in religious debates with gentleness and to avoid violence.

Assassinations of Key Salafi Members

In Jalalabad city, a prominent madrassa called “Naranj Bagh” had thousands of students. The previous government’s intelligence services arrested some leaders of this madrassa, accusing them of links to ISIS. Shah Mahmood Miakhel, former governor of Nangarhar, confirmed that some students from the school joined ISIS and fought on the battlefronts.

Sheikh Sardar Wali Saqib, the head of the madrassa, was a well-known figure among Salafis. However, the Taliban imposed restrictions on the madrassa and its members. On July 13, 2022, Sardar Wali was mysteriously killed inside his house in Kabul by a knife attack. The perpetrators remain unknown.

All religious scholars from Naranj Bagh were dismissed, and teaching Salafi religious texts was banned. The Taliban replaced them with Hanafi scholars. According to Afghanistan International, at least 30 prominent Salafi religious scholars have been killed by unknown assailants in provinces such as Kunduz, Kapisa, and Kabul.

Reports indicated that in the past three and a half years, several unknown bodies have been discovered in Nangarhar Canal, with some Salafi students allegedly killed due to their suspected connections with ISIS. These killings intensified during the tenure of Dr Bashir, the former head of Taliban intelligence in Nangarhar. Sources claim that Bashir, who played a key role in the Taliban's battle against ISIS, carried out harsh actions against suspected ISIS members.

Restrictions on Salafi Activities and Increased Surveillance

Taliban intelligence in Kunar and Nuristan provinces has placed Salafi religious scholars under strict surveillance, banning public religious speeches. Shah Mahmood Miakhel emphasised that while some students from Salafi madrassas have joined ISIS, not all Salafis are connected to the terrorist group. He pointed out that simply studying at a Salafi school or following Salafi Islam doesn’t imply any ties to ISIS.

Additionally, the Taliban's Ministry of Higher Education recently dismissed 12 professors from Kunar University due to their Salafi leanings. The Taliban has also shut down several Salafi religious madrassas and imposed restrictions on the leadership of Salafi scholars.

During Ramadan last year, the Taliban made it mandatory to increase the number of Rak’ahs for Tarawih prayers from 8 to 20 and prohibited saying "Ameen" aloud after Surah Al-Fatiha during prayers.

Some Salafi followers, fearing retaliation, have concealed their identities. While many believe ordinary Salafi followers have no connection to political or military groups, the Taliban remains suspicious of them. Miakhel also noted that the Taliban often labels ordinary people as ISIS members without evidence.

These restrictions have forced many Salafi followers in eastern Afghanistan to hide their religious practices and identities, seeking to avoid becoming targets of the Taliban. As the majority of the Taliban are Hanafi followers, some fear that escalating pressure on Salafi followers could eventually lead to sectarian conflict.