Awal Gul sent an envoy to Osama bin Laden with a message: “If I remain in my post, I will fire shoot at locations that you are not in them.” Bin Laden accepted, although Ayman al-Zawahiri was reportedly skeptical of the arrangement.
Tora Bora, a rugged mountainous area in Pachir wa Agam district of Nangarhar, was at the time al-Qaeda’s last major stronghold. Bin Laden, al-Zawahiri and more than 300 mostly Arab foreign fighters were positioned in caves and high-altitude peaks, some reaching 14,000 feet. Coalition airstrikes were intense, at times reaching up to 100 attacks per day, including the use of 15,000-pound bombs.
Role of Afghan Commanders & Old Ties
The siege of Tora Bora was complex because many Afghan commanders had previously worked closely with Arab mujahideen.
Awal Gul of Hezb-e Islami party led by Mawlawi Yunis Khalis had once been Bin Laden’s neighbour at Najm al-Jihad camp and hosted safe houses for Arabs in Jalalabad.
Mawlawi Noor Mohammad Haqpal also played a role in passing messages and facilitating the escape of fighters.
Hazrat Ali and Hajji Mohammed Zaman aka Zaman Ghamsharik led ground forces, but local rivalries and old ideological ties complicated the battle.
According to sources present at the time, Afghan fighters were often reluctant to engage directly with “former mujahideen”. Meanwhile, the Americans were wary of fuelling anti-US sentiment and preferred to rely on air power and local forces. Proposals such as sealing the Durand Line by James Mattis, the then US navy commander, were not seriously pursued.
Bin Laden’s Escape
By mid-December, as pressure mounted, tribal networks and local commanders opened escape routes. Bin Laden and al-Zawahiri were first moved to a safe area in a blacked-out vehicle with the help of Awal Gul and then handed over to Mawlawi Noor Mohammad. From there, they crossed the Kunar River and were taken to the homes of Haji Khan Jan and Kashmir Khan, commanders linked to Hezb-e Islami, in Dangam.
During this period, a brief ceasefire and a five-kilometer withdrawal of US forces also facilitated the escape of some fighters. Many fled through mountainous routes such as Zeran Kando, Ghorak and Lalpur towards Pakistan’s Waziristan.
Later Hideouts & Life in Hiding
Bin Laden and al-Zawahiri remained for a time in the homes of Haji Khan Jan and Kashmir Khan, commanders of Hizbe Islami, in Kunar, then hid in Jandol locality. Later, they moved to Ziarat Talash and eventually to the compound near the military academy in Abbottabad. Bin Laden continued to rely on old Hezb-e Islami and tribal networks for movement and communication until he was killed on 2 May 2011.
Conclusion
The siege of Tora Bora became a symbol of the complexity of the Afghan war: a mix of old jihadist loyalties, local rivalries, political calculations and strategic missteps. Bin Laden did not make a last stand but instead exploited these divisions and networks to escape and live in hiding for years.
Note: This report is based on interviews with Haji Din Mohammad, former governor of Nangarhar, Hazrat Ali, individuals close to Awal Gul’s family and Haji Khan Jan, a former Taliban official, residents of the Tora Bora area, as well as written sources and statements by al-Zawahiri.