Despite the Taliban Foreign Minister's eagerness to improve relations with the United States, Washington says it still does not recognise the Taliban due to their human rights record.
Vedant Patel, a spokesperson for the US State Department, said on Wednesday that the Taliban lacks legitimacy and no country recognises the group.
In a press conference, Patel stated “To date no country has publicly announced that it recognises the Taliban as the government of Afghanistan, and we continue to.”
He reiterated the United States' conditions for normalising relations with the Taliban.
Patel said that they urged the Taliban to improve their human rights practices before normalisation of relations.
Amir Khan Muttaqi, the Taliban's Foreign Minister, in an interview with the BBC published on Wednesday, claimed that Western countries will eventually normalise relations with the Taliban.
He said that the Taliban welcomes the return of US diplomats to Afghanistan, not US soldiers.
Regarding the human rights conditions set by the US and other countries for normalising relations, Muttaqi said that it is not stated in international laws that if a country's laws on women's employment are different, it should not be recognised.
The Taliban’s Foreign Minister added that they seek relations with the United States and other world powers because they do not want Afghanistan to become a battleground for major powers.
Three years after regaining control of Afghanistan, the Taliban has not been recognised even by its most important ally, Pakistan.
On Wednesday, the Taliban held a special ceremony at the former US military base in Bagram to commemorate August 15 as the day of the withdrawal of foreign forces and the group's return to power.
With the fall of Kabul on August 15, 2021, the psychological warfare waged by the Taliban— which played a crucial role in the collapse of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan—entered a new phase.
In this phase, key political and media operatives of the Taliban, a network of military and intelligence veterans trained by Pakistan and other regional countries, propagated a narrative to the mass media claiming that the Taliban had seized military equipment and weapons worth $88 billion from Afghan security and defence forces, making their invincibility seem inevitable.
Domestically, this narrative aimed to intimidate the Taliban's military and political opponents, while regionally and globally, it sought to compel countries to accept the Taliban as the undisputed rulers of Afghanistan.
My comrades and I, who have the honour of fighting against Taliban terrorism and have actively served in the ranks of the Afghan security and defence forces for nearly two decades, know that this narrative is far from reality. It is merely a continuation of the Taliban’s organised psychological warfare against our people.
In this analysis, I aim to provide a clear picture—based on information and analysis rooted in security and intelligence data—of the state of the equipment and weapons left behind by the Afghan security and defence forces, particularly the national army, which collapsed on August 15, 2021, due to a multi-layered political and intelligence conspiracy.
The $88 Billion Spent on an Unfinished War
From 2002 to June 2020, the United States spent $88.61 billion through the Afghanistan Security Forces Fund, established by the US Department of Defense, on equipping, arming, supplying, training, infrastructure, and reconstruction of Afghan defence and security forces.
These resources—which included light and heavy weapons, vehicles including armoured ones, surveillance tools, special forces training, and the equipment of the Afghan Air Force—were deployed in stages as the need to counter threats grew.
A significant portion of this budget was spent annually based on needs assessments. Funds were also used to repair, and maintain equipment and vehicles. Thus, a substantial amount of the total allocated funds had been spent on the Afghan defence and security forces by 2021.
The larger picture was that the ongoing war and Afghanistan's economic dependence on foreign aid restricted the capabilities of the Afghan army and security forces. For instance, the army lacked strategic reserves of weapons, ammunition, and fuel, often facing difficulties in meeting basic needs. Unfortunately, this situation worsened with the start of direct US negotiations with the Taliban and the subsequent signing of the Doha Agreement. It is likely that cutting off US aid to the Afghan army was part of the preconditions for the Taliban's acceptance of the Doha Agreement, leading to a complete cessation of some aid after the agreement was signed.
How Much of the Afghan Security Forces’ Equipment Was Left Behind?
Approximately 70% of the military equipment used by Afghan security and defence forces was of American origin. This included various types of light and heavy weapons, such as M4, M16, M204, M249, M2, and MK19, which replaced older Russian-made weapons like the Kalashnikov, PKM, DShK, AGS, and Russian mortars. These weapons were introduced at the inception of the Afghan security forces and were extensively used throughout the 20-year war until the fall of the republic. Over time and with repeated use, many of these weapons became worn out, damaged, and completely destroyed.
In addition, after the fall of the republic, watchdog organisations and media reported on the sale of remaining weapons and ammunition by the Taliban in provinces like Kandahar, Zabul, Nangarhar, and Khost, with much of it being smuggled into Pakistan. Furthermore, documents and a letter issued by Mullah Hibatullah, the Taliban’s leader, including an 800-page annex listing serial numbers of missing weapons, reveal that about 40% of the weapons and military equipment went missing after the fall of the republic order in Afghanistan.
My experience, along with that of my comrades, indicates that a significant portion of the American military equipment—particularly those used in the Afghan war—was not of high quality. One reason for this was that private companies producing these weapons in the US prioritised profitability over product quality, leading to frequent technical issues. Repairing this equipment was time-consuming and costly.
Some of the equipment now in Taliban hands is worn out, and the Taliban lack the technical capacity and financial resources to repair it.
What Happened to the Afghan Air Force’s Aircraft?
Over the past 20 years, the Afghan Air Force was equipped with 229 combat and transport aircraft. Twenty-five of these were sent abroad for repairs, and 19 were on the verge of being delivered. On August 15, 2021, of the 185 remaining aircraft of the Afghan Air Force, about 46 were flown to Uzbekistan and 18 to Tajikistan. These transfers occurred because, following the signing of the Doha Agreement in February 2020, the withdrawal of contractor companies responsible for aircraft maintenance and a shortage of spare parts left these aircraft unable to deliver essential supplies to the defensive posts and bases of Afghan security forces. Unfortunately, in some cases, the bodies of fallen soldiers and the wounded remained at the frontlines for days before air transport could be arranged.
According to the latest statistics obtained from the Taliban administration, of the 121 aircraft—most of which were destroyed during the evacuation and collapse by a joint special unit of the Ministry of Defence, National Security forces, and US forces—about 52 aircrafts have been reactivated by the Taliban. However, due to a lack of spare parts, pilots, and technical staff, they have very limited operational capability. The Taliban regime, due to imposed sanctions, lacks the capacity to purchase the necessary spare parts for these aircraft.
What Happened to the Armoured and Non-Armoured Vehicles of the Afghan Security Forces?
Most of the armoured and non-armoured vehicles used by Afghan security forces were completely destroyed during the 20 years of war due to roadside bombs, direct combat, and overuse. All of these vehicles were manufactured in the US, spare parts were supplied by donor countries, and several foreign companies were responsible for the maintenance and repair of these vehicles under specific contracts.
After the Doha Agreement was signed, these companies’ contracts were terminated, and they left Afghanistan. The republic government was unable to replace these contractors or provide the necessary resources for vehicle repair and maintenance. In the final months of the republic of Afghanistan, around 80% of the armoured and transport vehicles used by the security and defence forces either required major repairs or were facing a shortage of spare parts.
The Taliban have acquired some of these vehicles, but many have deteriorated due to a lack of maintenance and repair, turning into useless scrap metal. A few are temporarily operational. As a result, the remaining vehicles in Taliban hands are in very poor condition. The lack of spare parts, technical capacity for repair and maintenance, and the high cost of fuel have severely limited the Taliban’s ability to use the vehicles left behind by the Afghan defence and security forces. This strategic gap reduces the Taliban’s capacity to conduct long-term military operations.
How Much Ammunition Does the Taliban Have?
Throughout the 20-year war, millions of rounds of ammunition, including light and heavy weapons for infantry and combat aircraft, were consumed. With the signing of the Doha Agreement, the start of the US troop withdrawal, and the complete cessation of NATO coalition air support for Afghan security forces, military aid to these forces sharply declined and, in some cases, was completely cut off. Afghan security forces faced a severe shortage of heavy weapons ammunition, such as mortars, DShK, AGS, PKM, and various aircraft bombs, which are highly effective in irregular warfare. This shortage greatly reduced the capacity of Afghan ground and air forces to fight the Taliban, accelerating the fall of districts and provinces.
Contrary to the Taliban’s organised propaganda, the group does not possess a significant amount of ammunition because most of what was available to Afghan security forces had been consumed in the final months of the war against Taliban terrorism.
The Myth of Taliban Invincibility
Before the Doha Agreement, despite the 20-year war against NATO and Afghan defence and security forces, the Taliban were unable to control significant portions of Afghanistan’s territory. Their attempts to temporarily control the centres of several provinces in the north, west, and south were unsuccessful. The group was unable to establish regular fronts or unified command and control within Afghanistan. Taliban fighters often received medical treatment in neighbouring countries, and their leaders resided in various cities in Pakistan, Iran, the UAE, Qatar, and other countries.
Therefore, the Taliban and their external supporters' portrayal of the group’s military strength is unrealistic and exaggerated, as the weapons and equipment left behind by Afghan armed forces are mostly worn-out weapons, malfunctioning vehicles, grounded helicopters, and empty ammunition depots. Replenishing and maintaining this equipment in the short term is impossible and extremely costly.
The strength of any military force relies on six principles: leadership, discipline, institution-building, technology and weaponry, strategy, and support systems. Taliban factions and militias are not only unfamiliar with these principles, but the equipment and weapons left behind by Afghan armed forces are inadequate to meet the group’s long-term military needs.
At best, the Taliban remain an insurgent group lacking the capacity for institution-building and governance. The armed struggle of Afghanistan’s freedom fighters over the past three years and the significant casualties they have inflicted on Taliban militias demonstrate the group’s vulnerability in military and intelligence terms. A powerful and united anti-Taliban front could bring the Taliban to their knees.
Taliban leaders and militias are unfamiliar with the diverse languages and cultures of Afghan society and will never gain national or popular legitimacy. The people of Afghanistan, both in cities and rural areas, view them as occupiers. The populace is fed up with the regressive, anti-women, and anti-freedom rule of the Taliban, and it won’t be long before our people’s uprising will drive them out of our land.
The continued existence of the Taliban's reign of terror, crime, and horror is not due to possessing $88 billion worth of weaponry and equipment but rather due to the divergent views, disunity, and failure of the leaders, elites, and political and military forces opposing the Taliban to learn from the lessons of the past.
On the third anniversary of the Taliban's rule, the Afghanistan Freedom Front (AFF) has declared that the time has come for unity, cohesion, and alignment among all anti-Taliban groups and forces.
The Front stated that the unification of anti-Taliban forces is the only way to dismantle the tyranny of the Taliban.
In a statement released on Wednesday, AFF described the Taliban's rule over Afghanistan as "illegitimate," noting that under their control, the country faces numerous difficulties and challenges.
Referring to the mass exodus of Afghans after the Taliban's takeover, illegal mining, increasing insecurity, and the group's restrictions on women, girls, and the media, the front emphasised that it considers "the fight to dismantle the Taliban regime a human and national duty”.
The AFF was established after the Taliban's return to power.
Over the past three years, the Front has organised and carried out multiple attacks against the Taliban in various cities.
In a report on Afghanistan released in June, UN Secretary-General António Guterres mentioned that the AFF had attacked Taliban forces 14 times in three months.
In its statement coinciding with the third anniversary of the Taliban's rule, AFF said, "There is no way to change the situation and free the Afghan people from the tyranny of the Taliban regime other than through a comprehensive struggle against the Taliban."
The front invited all political groups that have been waiting for negotiations and dialogue with the Taliban to confront the harsh and bitter reality of Afghanistan.
The front stated that while it supports political efforts and civil struggles, especially the protest movements led by women, it will strive to further unify anti-Taliban forces. However, it will not wait for any orders, approvals, or opposition to continue its struggle.
Three years ago, on August 15, Taliban fighters entered Kabul and seized power for the second time through war. The Taliban have declared August 15 as a day of "victory" and announced it a public holiday.
The Hengaw Organisation for Human Rights reported on Wednesday that the Islamic Republic of Iran executed four prisoners, including an Afghan and a Kurdish inmate, in Ghezel Hesar Prison, Karaj.
These individuals were executed on various charges, including drug-related offences and premeditated murder.
According to the organisation’s statement, the executions were carried out on the morning of Monday, August 12, in Ghezel Hesar Prison, Karaj.
Hengaw stated that one of the individuals, named Naser Sharifi, a resident of Tehran, was executed for the premeditated murder of his wife, while the other three, including an Afghan, were executed on drug-related charges.
Hengaw identified the executed individuals as Saeed Niazi, Behrooz Vafaei, and Naser Sharifi, and noted that the identity of the Afghan citizen is still under investigation.
The organisation mentioned that these individuals had been arrested at different times. A week ago, the organisation reported the execution of four Afghan prisoners in Ghezel Hesar Prison on charges of murder and rape.
There is still no information available about the court and prison conditions of these individuals, nor is it clear whether they had access to a fair trial and legal defence.
Recently, the Iran Human Rights Organization released a report stating that at least 300 people, including 20 Afghans, have been executed in the country’s prisons in the first seven months of this year.
On the third anniversary of the Taliban's takeover of Afghanistan, the group has forced shopkeepers in several provinces to install the Taliban flag on their stores.
The Taliban has also threatened teachers, students, and university students to participate in the group's "victory celebration”.
Videos from various cities in Afghanistan showcase shops displaying the Taliban flag and Taliban fighters patrolling the streets in both military and civilian vehicles.
It seems that this year the Taliban is paying more attention to organising events under the name "victory celebration" and is trying to involve ordinary citizens.
On Wednesday, August 14, Afghanistan International received videos from different cities in Afghanistan showing the Taliban flag displayed around the city.
Viewers reported that these flags were installed by force and at the expense of the shop owners. In some provinces, including Daikundi, Baghlan, and Kabul, the Taliban has issued notices to shopkeepers warning them to display the group's flag on their shops. The group has threatened shopkeepers that if they fail to comply with this order, their shops will be sealed.
Mandatory Participation in Anniversary Celebrations
Alongside the flag installations, the Taliban has issued notices in provinces like Bamiyan and Paktia instructing teachers and students to attend the group's anniversary celebrations.
Earlier, sources told Afghanistan International that the chancellor of Bamiyan University had mandated the attendance of professors and administrative staff at the Taliban's victory celebration.
A Taliban education official in Gardez city of Paktia province also warned teachers and headmasters in an audio file that they must attend the "victory celebration" with 50 to 100 students.
The Taliban has threatened teachers with "job-related issues" if they fail to attend the anniversary event and has stated that they will not have the right to complain.
August 15 marks the third anniversary of the fall of the previous government to the Taliban; a day the Taliban calls a "victory over US occupation".
At the same time, many citizens view this day as a "dark day" marking the collapse of democracy and human rights values in Afghanistan.
In a statement marking the third anniversary of the Taliban's takeover of power in Afghanistan, Zabihullah Mujahid the group's spokesperson said that the implementation of Sharia is the "primary responsibility and priority" of the Taliban.
Mujahid also stated that the group will "strongly protect and defend" its regime” at any cost”.
Over the past three years, the international community has repeatedly urged the Taliban to lift restrictions on the work and education of women and girls. The Taliban, however, have dismissed these criticisms as "interference" in their internal affairs and have claimed they are acting according to Sharia.
In a statement released on Wednesday, August 14, the Taliban claimed that now there is "peace and security" in Afghanistan.
Opponents of the Taliban have warned that failure to comply with the people's demands will lead to inevitable conflict.
Mohammad Mohaqiq, who heads the Political Committee of National Resistance Council for the Salvation of Afghanistan, said in a statement on August 14 that the Taliban has not respected the people's demands.
The Taliban took control of Kabul on August 15, 2021, after former President Ashraf Ghani fled the country, seizing power.
Three years into the Taliban's rule in Afghanistan, no country has officially recognised the group's government. The Taliban have not responded positively to domestic and international demands regarding the type of government, elections, democracy, and human rights.
While the Taliban celebrate August 14 as their "Victory Day," many Afghan citizens consider it a "dark day” in Afghanistan.