The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has announced that around 33 million people in Afghanistan are facing acute water shortages. The organisation stressed that access to clean drinking water is essential for life, health, and stability.
In a statement marking World Water Day on 22 March, the ICRC noted that the Afghan population continues to suffer the compounded effects of over four decades of armed conflict and accelerating climate change.
Martin De Boer, head of programmes for the ICRC in Afghanistan, said that for millions already enduring hardship and a deepening humanitarian crisis, access to water for drinking, cooking, and irrigation remains out of reach. He attributed the worsening situation to a lack of basic infrastructure such as functioning water supply systems, dams, and irrigation networks.
The ICRC voiced concern over the growing water crisis and reiterated its commitment to supporting Afghan communities and authorities in improving water management. The organisation highlighted that much of Afghanistan’s freshwater depends on snow and glacial melt, but rising temperatures are threatening these critical sources.
The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) also warned of the need to protect Afghanistan’s glaciers, describing them as vital to the region’s water supply. The FAO underlined that safeguarding these resources is essential in tackling both climate change and the global water crisis.
In December 2024, the Taliban’s environmental protection agency reported that 181 square kilometres of glaciers in Afghanistan had melted due to climate change, adding further urgency to the crisis.
Rasoul Mousavi, former Director General for South Asia at Iran’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, has called the recent visit of a US delegation to Afghanistan a turning point in the Taliban’s foreign relations.
Writing on X, Mousavi revealed that, according to available information, the US delegation first travelled to Kandahar before continuing on to Kabul for further meetings. He warned that regional intelligence and political institutions appeared to be in a state of “strategic negligence,” similar to their inaction during the collapse of the Afghan republic in 2021.
The delegation included Zalmay Khalilzad, former US Special Representative for Afghanistan, and Adam Boehler, Donald Trump’s Special Envoy for Hostage Affairs. During their visit, they met with the Taliban’s acting Foreign Minister, Amir Khan Muttaqi.
This marked the first official US visit to Taliban-controlled Afghanistan since American forces withdrew from the country in August 2021.
Following the high-level meetings, the Taliban released George Glezmann, a US citizen who had been detained for two years. Khalilzad later stated that Glezmann’s release was offered by the Taliban as a “gesture of goodwill” toward former US President Donald Trump and the American people.
The US State Department has removed Sirajuddin Haqqani, the Taliban’s Interior Minister, and two other senior Haqqani Network leaders from its Rewards for Justice programme, sources close to Haqqani told Afghanistan International.
Previously, the State Department had offered between $5 million and $10 million for information leading to the capture of Sirajuddin Haqqani, Yahya Haqqani, and Aziz Haqqani. These names have now reportedly been removed from the rewards list.
Despite this, Sirajuddin Haqqani still appears on the FBI’s website and former State Department listings as a “Global Terrorist.” Khalil-ur-Rahman Haqqani, his uncle and former Taliban minister for refugees who was killed in a recent ISIS attack in Kabul, remains on the list with a $5 million reward.
The State Department had earlier described Yahya Haqqani as a key link between the Haqqani Network and al-Qaeda. It also said Yahya had acted in place of Sirajuddin Haqqani and Khalil Haqqani when they were unavailable.
The US Department of Justice has not commented on the removal of the Haqqani leaders. Taliban officials have also not responded. US authorities have yet to answer questions from Afghanistan International about the changes.
Sirajuddin Haqqani, as leader of the Haqqani Network, is blamed for deadly attacks in major cities and large-scale civilian casualties. The network was designated a foreign terrorist organisation by the US in 2012. All assets tied to it remain frozen, and US citizens are prohibited from engaging in any transactions with it.
Despite the reported removal of some individuals from the reward list, both the FBI and the State Department have reiterated that the $10 million reward for information leading to Sirajuddin Haqqani’s capture is still active.
The Haqqani Network remains officially listed as a terrorist organisation by the US Department of Justice. Public support or financial collaboration with the group remains a criminal offence under US law.
US Delegation Visits Kabul
The removal of the names from the US reward list comes shortly after a US delegation visited Kabul. The delegation included Adam Boehler, the US Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs, and Zalmay Khalilzad, former US envoy for Afghan peace talks.
This marked the first visit by American officials to Kabul since the Taliban regained power in 2021. The US delegation met with Taliban Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi. It is unclear whether they met with other Taliban officials.
Before the visit, the Taliban removed anti-American slogans from the walls of the US Embassy in Kabul.
US State Department spokesperson Tammy Bruce told Afghanistan International that the primary goal of the trip was to secure the return of American hostages. She also noted that broader, long-term issues were discussed during the meetings.
Pakistan’s Counter-Terrorism Department (CTD) has arrested Shamsullah, a suicide bomber trained in Afghanistan, in Lahore’s Burki area.
Initial investigations reveal he was trained under the supervision of Jamaat-ul-Ahrar commanders and entered Pakistan via a border crossing near Chaman.
The CTD also reported apprehending 11 suspected terrorists across 166 intelligence-based operations in cities including Sargodha, Rawalpindi, Pakpattan, Gujrat, Chakwal, Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, and Faisalabad.
Authorities seized significant quantities of explosives, detonators, and cash from the suspects.
According to Geo News, Shamsullah confessed to being trained in Afghanistan by Jamaat-ul-Ahrar commanders Suleman and Qasim Khorasani, who tasked him with carrying out suicide attacks in Pakistan.
Qasim Khorasani, a senior figure in the group, is accused of orchestrating targeted killings of police officers in Lahore and Peshawar. Pakistani officials claim that Shamsullah and other recruits were forcibly administered drugs during training to enhance their compliance.
Lahore Police hailed the arrests as a crucial step in thwarting major security threats. The CTD vowed to continue operations relentlessly to identify and dismantle terrorist networks across the region.
Sources at Torkham confirmed to the Pashto section of Afghanistan International that the Torkham border crossing reopened for passenger movement on Saturday morning. The border had partially reopened on Wednesday, 19 March, permitting only patients and freight vehicles to pass.
According to sources, full access for all travellers resumed at 8:00 AM local time on Saturday. Only those with valid visas may cross, based on available information.
Sayed Tayeb Hamad, spokesperson for the Taliban’s Nangarhar police command, confirmed the reopening for passengers. In a video message, he advised travellers to avoid the route for the next two days. He specified that only patients would be allowed to cross on Saturday and Sunday.
The border had been closed since 21 February due to clashes between Pakistani and Taliban border forces. The conflict arose over the Taliban’s construction of a checkpoint and Pakistan’s installation of a signboard. To enable the reopening, two separate jirgas—tribal councils—with representatives from both Pakistan and the Taliban convened at the border.
Zalmay Khalilzad’s recent visit to Kabul, accompanied by President Donald Trump’s special envoy for hostage affairs and coinciding with the Taliban’s release of a US citizen, marks the gradual resurgence of the United States’ informal bargaining diplomacy with Kabul.
In this article, former Afghan spy chief, Rahmatullah Nabil, explores Afghanistan’s prospective position within global geopolitical equations.
More than a century after the 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement, which defined the modern structure of the Middle East, the notion of a "New Middle East" emerged in 2006, articulated by Condoleezza Rice, then US National Security Advisor. This ambitious vision encountered substantial obstacles due to the region’s persistent political and security turmoil. Following the events of 7 October 2023, the Israeli Prime Minister revisited the concept of a "New Middle East." With Donald Trump’s return to power, this idea has regained prominence in geopolitical discussions.
Within this framework, US foreign policy, centred on countering China, necessitates reliable regional allies such as Russia, India, and Israel. These developments raise two pivotal questions:
Historically, Afghanistan has occupied a critical juncture in geopolitical conflicts. Today, amidst the redefinition of global strategies and the realignment of regional and transregional actors, Afghanistan has assumed renewed significance. Where does contemporary Afghanistan stand in the global power game? No longer merely a battleground, it has evolved into a vital instrument for countering China, curbing Iran’s influence, balancing Central Asia (either in cooperation or competition with Russia), and mitigating potential crises in Pakistan.
Afghanistan once again finds itself at the epicentre of the "Great Game"—no longer confined to an East-West rivalry but embedded within a more intricate equation involving emerging powers (China, India, and Iran), established powers (the US and Russia), and a web of regional players with conflicting interests. Khalilzad’s visit to Kabul, alongside the Taliban’s release of an American citizen, underscores the re-emergence of informal US diplomacy with Kabul. This approach prioritises maintaining open communication channels for potential contingencies rather than pursuing formal recognition.
Amidst this dynamic, several developments—including the return of figures like Haqqani, Pakistan’s allegations against the Taliban and India, the prospect of a US-Russia rapprochement, possible concessions to Russia in Ukraine, escalating tensions with Iran, and an increasingly assertive foreign policy—point to emerging regional consultations and potential behind-the-scenes recalibrations of Afghanistan’s future role.
Afghanistan’s Role in the Strategy to Contain China
As the world’s second-largest economy, China relies heavily on stable energy supplies and trade routes. Key statistics underscore this dependence:
The Strait of Malacca, a critical geopolitical chokepoint for China, remains highly vulnerable. The US and its allies, under the QUAD alliance, seek to dominate this route and restrict China’s energy access as part of their containment strategy. In this context, Afghanistan assumes dual significance:
The Taliban’s Internal Power Struggle: The Kandahar-Kabul Divide
Afghanistan is not solely a theatre for external competition; within the Taliban, a profound schism has emerged between the Kandahar and Kabul factions. The Kandahar faction, led by Hibatullah Akhundzada, maintains ideological ties with Iran’s religious institutions and staunchly opposes engagement with the West. In contrast, the Kabul faction exhibits pragmatic tendencies, favouring cooperation with select regional stakeholders and Western allies while pursuing reforms to alleviate economic pressures.
Iran aligns more closely with the Kandahar faction, whereas certain regional and international actors interested in engaging the Taliban maintain broader ties with Kabul. This tension not only exacerbates the Taliban’s internal divide but also creates a potential platform for future proxy rivalries.
China and Iran: Expanding Influences
Over the past three and a half years, China and Iran have bolstered their influence in Afghanistan—not through formal recognition of the Taliban, but via economic, security, and cultural cooperation.
This growing influence has disrupted Afghanistan’s internal equilibrium, raising concerns among the US and its allies.
Future Scenarios for Iran and Their Impact on Afghanistan
Iran faces a critical juncture with three potential pathways:
A) Normalisation with the West:
By distancing itself from the China-Russia axis, reducing support for proxy forces, and abandoning its nuclear and missile programmes, Tehran could enter a new diplomatic phase. This shift might result in:
B) Military Conflict with the US/Israel:
Should Iran engage in direct conflict with the West, Afghanistan could become inadvertently entangled. In this scenario:
C) Collapse or Internal Instability in Iran:
Ethnic, religious, and economic unrest—particularly in Sistan and Baluchestan—could significantly affect Afghanistan’s western borders, triggering migration crises, insecurity, and religious tensions. Should such crises escalate:
India: A Rising Power with Strategic Objectives in Afghanistan
As an ascendant Asian power, India plays an increasingly vital role in Afghanistan’s geopolitical landscape. Competing with China and Pakistan on security and economic fronts, New Delhi has sought to secure a stable foothold through developmental investments, soft power, and regional collaboration. Projects such as the Salma Dam, the Afghan Parliament building, the Chabahar Port (developed with Iran), and support for educational and cultural initiatives reflect India’s broader strategy to counterbalance China’s influence and mitigate threats from the China-Pakistan axis. As a key US partner in the QUAD security pact, India views Afghanistan as integral to the West’s containment strategy against China. With intensifying regional competition, India’s influence could prove decisive in shaping Afghanistan’s security and economic future.
Pakistan: From Strategic Ally to Potential Risk
Pakistan faces mounting fragility:
Such developments directly affect Afghanistan, potentially destabilising its eastern borders and heightening tensions in border regions. Movements among Baloch and Pashtun communities, alongside other disaffected ethnic and religious groups, could reshape the region’s geopolitical dynamics.
Three Major Scenarios for Afghanistan’s Future
These developments suggest three possible trajectories for Afghanistan:
Lost Opportunities and Narrowing Horizons
Over the past two decades, Afghanistan squandered multiple opportunities to emerge as an independent or influential player due to corruption, political mismanagement, regional meddling, and reliance on foreign aid. Today, under Taliban governance and without a robust opposition, these windows of opportunity are closing as the "Great Game" nears its final configuration.
Rebuilding the National Image: A Foundation for Independence
For Afghanistan to transition from a geopolitical tool to an autonomous actor, it must reconstruct a national and political identity encompassing all ethnic groups, movements, and generations. This requires:
Without a shared, equitable national narrative, Afghanistan cannot break free from its subordinate role in regional politics.
Conclusion: The Future Game Requires the Afghan People
Recent events—the US delegation, Haqqani’s return, the expanding influence of China and Iran, Pakistan’s accusations against the Taliban and India, and rising tensions with the West—signal Afghanistan’s entry into a new phase of the "Great Game." Yet, modern Afghan history demonstrates that neither the Taliban, the US, Iran, nor China will hold ultimate sway. The Afghan people, if they choose to act, possess the power to transform themselves from pawns into independent players. Our future need not be dictated by others; with resolve, we can author it ourselves.