Putin, Rahmon Discuss Afghanistan In Phone Call
Russian President Vladimir Putin and Tajik President Emomali Rahmon discussed bilateral cooperation, regional issues and Afghanistan during a telephone call, the Kremlin said.
Russian President Vladimir Putin and Tajik President Emomali Rahmon discussed bilateral cooperation, regional issues and Afghanistan during a telephone call, the Kremlin said.
In a statement, the Kremlin said the two leaders reviewed regional matters with Afghanistan in mind, without providing further details. The call, it added, reaffirmed their shared commitment to strengthening the strategic partnership and alliance between Russia and Tajikistan.
The discussion comes amid heightened security concerns along Tajikistan’s border with Afghanistan. Tajik authorities say they have faced recent threats originating from Afghan territory.
Tajikistan’s State Committee for National Security said on December 25 that an armed clash occurred after militants infiltrated the country from Afghanistan, killing three members of a “terrorist organisation” and two Tajik border guards.
The press office of the Tajik presidency also confirmed earlier this month that two attacks launched from Afghanistan killed five people. Following those incidents, Rahmon ordered security institutions to assess the situation and consider measures to strengthen border security.
Against this backdrop, Rahmon on December 24 inaugurated a tank training ground and four new outposts along the Tajikistan–Afghanistan border.
Taliban officials made nearly 100 foreign trips in 2025 despite international sanctions, the group’s leadership said.
Zabihullah Mujahid, spokesperson for the Taliban leader, said deputies and ministers of the Taliban administration undertook 99 overseas visits during the year for economic, trade and diplomatic purposes.
More than 60 Taliban figures, including Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi and Interior Minister Sirajuddin Haqqani, remain on United Nations sanctions lists. However, the UN has granted travel exemptions in some cases, allowing senior Taliban officials to travel abroad.
In a post on X marking the end of the 2025 calendar year, Mujahid said the Taliban had made what he described as “good progress” in diplomacy and relations with other countries.
Increase in Taliban Forces
In the same statement, Mujahid said the number of trained personnel in the Taliban Ministry of Defence had exceeded 181,000 in 2025.
He added that during the year the Taliban also trained 100,300 police personnel across security, criminal, border and logistics sectors.
Experts have warned that prolonged disruptions to trade between Pakistan and Afghanistan are having wide-ranging economic and social consequences across the region.
The warnings were voiced during an online session hosted by the Pakistan Research and Security Studies Centre on Monday, which brought together policymakers, customs officials, traders and experts from both countries.
Khan Jan Alokozay, head of the Pakistan–Afghanistan Joint Chamber of Commerce and Industry, said the continued closure of border crossings and suspension of trade risk further exacerbating regional instability.
Fazal Moqeem Khan, a former chamber of commerce and industry president, called for the establishment of cross-border economic zones to enable traders and producers on both sides to cooperate and revive bilateral trade. He warned that unilateral or short-term trade measures are unsustainable and ultimately weaken both economies.
Mujeeb Shinwari, head of the All-Pakistan Torkham Customs Clearing Agents Association, highlighted the human cost of repeated border closures, saying border communities suffer the most because their livelihoods are directly tied to cross-border trade. He said persistent disruptions have paralysed local economies and further eroded incomes in these areas.
Naqeebullah Safi, executive director of the Kabul office of the Afghanistan Joint Chamber of Commerce and Industry, stressed that trade should be kept separate from politics. He said low-income and border communities have been disproportionately affected and warned that prolonged closures could permanently distance the markets of Afghanistan and Pakistan from one another.
Ibrahim Shams, a former vice president of the Afghanistan Investment Support Agency, said long-term trade blockades tend to increase insecurity rather than reduce it, with ordinary citizens bearing the heaviest burden.
Mohammad Ibrar Aimal, an Afghan researcher, said sustained disruptions have halted production, disrupted supply chains and caused job losses, particularly in agriculture and small industry sectors across Pakistan, Afghanistan and the wider region.
Ahmad Shah Yarzada, an Afghan trader, called for a joint appeal to normalise trade and economic activity, led collectively by traders, tribal elders and border communities on both sides. He said repeated disruptions in Pakistan–Afghanistan trade have pushed many Afghan companies to turn instead to Iran and Central Asia.
Participants also raised concerns about the lack of organised and coordinated cooperation between chambers of commerce in the two countries. They emphasised the need to strengthen private-sector coordination and pursue more systematic advocacy to address the challenges facing cross-border trade.
Iran is seeking to establish a railway connection to China via Afghanistan as part of efforts to expand regional transit and trade links, Iranian and Taliban officials said.
Jabbar Ali Zakeri, head of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Railway Authority, discussed the proposal during a meeting with Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar, the Taliban’s deputy prime minister for economic affairs, in Kabul. Zakeri said Iran is interested in connecting to China through Afghanistan’s rail network and, in turn, linking China with Europe.
The meeting was held on Tuesday at the Sapidar Palace in Kabul. Zakeri called for the formation of a joint committee to advance cooperation and expand the railway network between the two sides.
According to Iranian media reports, Zakeri presented a proposal for a new transit railway route running from Herat in western Afghanistan to China. The plan envisages extending the railway from Herat to Balkh and then toward the Wakhan Corridor in Badakhshan province, ultimately connecting Iran to China through Afghan territory.
The proposal comes as trade between Iran and China is currently conducted mainly via maritime routes, which officials say involve higher costs, longer transit times and complications linked to international sanctions.
Tasnim News Agency reported that Afghanistan’s geographic position as a natural corridor between Central Asia, South Asia and Iran makes it central to the project.
Baradar welcomed the proposal, saying he had discussed the project’s value and economic importance with Iran’s vice president about three years ago and had shared relevant assessments at the time.
He ordered that a joint committee be established as soon as possible and instructed officials to begin practical work on the project without delay.
Taliban publicly flogged two people, including a woman, in Parwan province after convicting them of what the group described as an “extramarital relationship,” according to a court ruling.
The primary court in Surkh Parsa district sentenced both defendants to 20 lashes. The male defendant was also sentenced to one year in prison, while the female defendant received a two-month prison term.
In a statement issued on Tuesday, the Taliban Supreme Court said the punishment was carried out in public in the presence of judicial officials, Taliban authorities and local residents.
The Taliban say such punishments constitute the enforcement of what they call Islamic sharia. Despite repeated objections from international organisations to corporal punishment, torture and intimidation, the group has continued to carry out public floggings.
According to a recent United Nations report, the Taliban flogged at least 215 people across Afghanistan between August 1 and October 31, including 44 women and 171 men, in a three-month period.
The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) says the Taliban have ruled Afghanistan through at least 470 decrees since returning to power, including 79 measures that directly target women and girls.
In its latest report, released on Tuesday, OCHA said restrictions on Afghan women and girls intensified over the past year and have profoundly reshaped the country’s economic and social structures.
The report said Taliban policies banning women’s education and employment have also severely limited women’s participation in the economy and public life. OCHA warned that the enforcement of these measures has sharply reduced women’s access to livelihoods and basic services, while increasing the risks of gender-based violence, psychological harm and social pressure.
OCHA said Afghanistan is expected to remain one of the world’s most severe humanitarian crises in the coming year. In addition to the legacy of war, drought, food insecurity and the mass return of migrants, the systematic exclusion of women and girls from public life has pushed the country to the top tier of global humanitarian emergencies.
According to the report, women are bearing the brunt of economic exclusion, with continued restrictions deepening their social and economic marginalisation. The Taliban’s morality law has further entrenched existing bans and introduced stricter controls, further limiting women’s access to public spaces and participation in social and economic life.
OCHA estimates that women’s participation in the labour force stands at about 6 percent, with most women confined to informal, home-based or subsistence activities. Women who head households cited restrictions on movement, barriers to employment and aid, and a lack of income and housing as their most urgent unmet needs.
Women-Headed Households
The report said women, particularly female heads of households, face serious barriers to information and access. About 66 percent of female-headed households do not know how to access assistance, compared with male-headed households.
As a result, 79 percent of female-headed households face greater shortages of food and safe drinking water. OCHA said these gaps demonstrate how limited access and lack of information heighten vulnerability and undermine the effectiveness and accountability of humanitarian assistance.
Protection Crisis and Gendered Impact
OCHA warned that Afghanistan is facing a deepening protection crisis driven by large-scale forced returns, increasing restrictions especially on women and girls economic hardship and recurring climate-related disasters.
The agency said protection risks for women and girls have risen sharply as both formal and community-based protection systems have been weakened and access to services further restricted. Seventy-seven percent of respondents reported restrictions on women’s movement for cultural or political reasons, while 70 percent said they live in areas where women and girls feel unsafe.
In addition, 63 percent of respondents said they or people they know had been denied access to services because of social or legal restrictions.
OCHA said women and children face the most severe protection risks, including gender-based violence, child marriage, child labour, human trafficking, family separation and psychological distress.
The report said the protection situation for children has worsened compared with last year, with increases in both child labour and child marriage. Reported child marriages rose to 746 cases in 2025, up from 323 the previous year.